How to Write Names in Japanese Part One

This article first appeared in Eri Takase's monthly column in Martial Arts Insider Magazine

[Part 1] [Part 2]

There are several ways to translate names into Japanese. However, to be strictly correct, the proper way to translate names is to use a phonetic translation using a syllabary called katakana. Even when there are other suitable choices for translating a name, katakana should be used for all formal purposes such as for certificates and legal documents.

Dictating the use of katakana for all cases, however, can present problems. One common issue is that ''Seal Script'' (tensho) should be used for seals. This script is complex and curving which makes it more difficult to forge. Because of this property, Seal Script has been used to design seals for thousands of years.

The problem is that the Seal Script predates the creation of katakana by several thousand years, and is only defined for use with kanji. This contradiction means that one rule is going to have to be broken. And once we begin breaking rules, the best we can do is look to precedence on how to proceed. This is where things get interesting.

To avoid confusion in what I have just stated, I would like to clarify one point about seals. In Japan there are two types of seals. One is called inkan, this is used for everyday purposes. The other is called tenkoku (lit. ''Tensho Carving'') and is used for legal purposes. If my name were Yamada, I could go down the street to a stationary store and buy a pre-made inkan for Yamada. Of course, all of the other Yamada's in the area could do the same. This seal, this inkan, could be used for all daily purposes as the Japanese equivalent of a signature. However, for legal purposes, such as for opening a bank account, this seal could not be used. One would need to have a unique and complex seal that is registered with the government and for this purpose the tenkoku seal must be used

To illustrate this point I compare the styles below. These are different seals for ''Sairei'' which is my professional name in Japan. Figure (1)  is a Seal Script design which would be common design for a tenkoku seal. Figure (2)  is a regular font that would be suitable for an inkan seal, while figure (3)  is how the seal would look using katakana.

Historically there are four ways to translate names into Japanese:

1. Phonetic Translation - katakana
2. Phonetic Translation - hiragana
3. Phonetic Translation - kanji
4. Literal Translation - kanji

For the phonetic translations, the important point is how the name is pronounced. The English spelling may vary, but if the names are pronounced the same, then the possible phonetic translations will be the same. For example, Kathy and Cathy would be phonetically rendered into Japanese in exactly the same way. This holds true for all creative spellings of names.

Conversely if a name is spelled the same, but has a different pronunciation, then one would use a different phonetic translation. A good example is the name ''Jan'' which is a common English name, and it is also a common non-English name which is pronounced ''Yan.'' One would use a different phonetic translation depending on whether the name is pronounced J-jan or Y-yan.

There are often some difficulties with a phonetic translation. The most obvious issue is that Japanese does not have all of the sounds that are possible English. The most widely known example is that Japanese not have an ''L'' (ell) sound and will render everything with an L as an R. I would like to give a few other examples. But first we need to discuss romaji.

What is Romaji? Romaji literally means ''roman characters'' and is the way that Japanese words are rendered in English. There are actually two romaji systems and the one most commonly used is called the Hepburn system. As an example, Katherine in romaji is ''kyasarin'' which corresponds to the katakana . 

To continue with the example of Katherine, the name is sometimes spelt as Katharine and the pronunciation is slightly different. However, Japanese cannot reproduce this subtlety and the two spellings are rendered the same.

Arthur is rendered in romaji as ''a-sa-''. The reason being that there is no ''th'' sound so this becomes ''sa''. There cannot be two consecutive consonants so the ''r'' before the ''t'' is replaced by the elongated vowel symbol. And the final ''r'' cannot be pronounced alone, so it is also replaced with an elongated vowel. The result is Arthur would be in katakana.

As another example, Japanese does not have the ''thy'' ending in Kathy and Timothy. These are replaced with ''shi-''. So Kathy becomes ''kyashi-'' and Timothy become ''timoshi-'' .

As a final example, Brian would be ''buraian'' which may be counter-intuitive. The important point is not how the name is spelled, but how the name is pronounced. Because the ''r'' is after a consonant, it is normally pronounced. The ''B'' alone becomes the syllable ''Bu''. Brian in katakana looks like .

1. Phonetic Translation (Katakana)

As mentioned in the introduction, the proper way to write non-Japanese names in Japanese is to use katakana. After the end of World War II, as a part of a process to simplify the Japanese language, it was established that all non-Japanese words and names were to be rendered using katakana.

Katakana  is a syllabary with each character having no meaning even though each katakana character is a simplified form of a part of a kanji (Chinese) character. Katakana's creation is attributed to the monk scholar Kibi no Makibi (AD 693-755) and was the first syllabary developed. Initially it was used as a pronunciation aid for Buddhist scriptures. Later it was used to write grammatical and inflectional elements. Today katakana is used to write non-Japanese words and technical terms in Japanese,

Along with the basic characters, there are also a few modifiers commonly used with both of the kana.

The sound changes shown in the first chart below use dakuten (which looks like a double quotation mark) and handakuten (which looks like the degree symbol - a small circle - in the upper right corner).

There are several modifiers that are small vowels a, e, i, o and u; along with ya, yu, yo and tsu that are collectively called shouji or small characters.

The ya, yu, and yo have their own name, youon and these modify the regular kana as shown in the chart, and may also modify other kana.

The small tsu also has its own name which is sokuon and it occurs before kana beginning with k, s, t or p, and acts to double or emphasize the consonant. For example, the name ''Duke'' is written as ''dukku'' in romaji and is in katakana. The small tsu serves to place emphasis on the ''k'' sound rather than ''duku'' , which would not place an emphasis on either syllable. Notice also, in this example the use of a ''youon'' which is the small ''yu'' which modifies the ''d'' sound, to make it a ''du'' sound.

There are a lot of rules, but once you practice with a few names the translation becomes second nature.

Katakana has many combinations that do not exist within hiragana and kanji. It has the broadest rules as it has been modified to more accurately render non-Japanese words into Japanese. One example of this is the enchou fugou   which extends the vowel sound. This corresponds to the dash written in romaji. An example of the enchou fugou is the last character in the name Kelly, written in the sample below. Note that the orientation changes depending on whether the name is being written horizontally (1) and (2), or vertically (3) and (4).

The problem with katakana, is also its strength: the simple and angular lines leave little room for modification and hence artistry. This makes katakana easy to write, but the simple and angular lines leave very little room for variation and it makes nearly useless the rich tradition of Japanese calligraphy.

2. Phonetic Translation (Hiragana)

Hiragana is attributed to the Buddhist priest Kuukai (AD 774-835) and was famously adopted by the poetesses of the Heian period (794-1185) who did not wish to use the masculine looking katakana. Hiragana is a flowing, soft syllabary that is used today in Japanese for grammatical elements, inflectional endings, and for words for which no kanji exists.

Since hiragana is more feminine than katakana, one may prefer to use hiragana to write one's name.

In an example, Kathy was shown in katakana. One may, however, prefer to use the hiragana version as opposed to the katakana version .

Hiragana does not have the same flexibility as katakana. For example, the enchou fugou character mentioned above is not used with hiragana. One must either extend the sound by adding another syllable, or one must simply omit the extended sound. Adding another syllable is often not a practical solution as each syllable must be enunciated, and this is often not what is desired. One exception to this is the ''u'' character used to extend the vowels ''o'' and ''u''.

From time to time one will see an obsolete method for extending vowels in hiragana which often adds the character ''fu'' to denote elongation. An example would be that in katakana would be written as in hiragana. This style should not be used. An example of the confusion that could result would be the name Ralph which would be .

In general, names that used the enchou fugou character in katakana would omit this in hiragana. This is demonstrated in the sample below which shows how Kelly would be written in hiragana..

As with katakana, hiragana allows for sound changes called ''dakuten'' (which looks like a double quotation mark) and ''handakuten'' (which looks like degree symbol - a small circle in the upper right corner).

Hiragana also uses the small characters or shouji a, e, i, o and u; along with ya, yu, yo, and tsu.

The final sections will only be touched upon briefly in this article, as they are in themselves a large and fascinating topic. So, to complete the overview on the kanji, please continue.

3. Phonetic Translation (Kanji)

Kanji (Chinese Characters) have both a meaning and a pronunciation. When a word or name is translated into kanji using the pronunciation, this is called a phonetic translation. There is a long tradition of translating names in this manner, as it preserves the original sound as much as is possible with Japanese.

4. Literal Translation (Kanji)

The literal translation solves many of the issues of the phonetic translation. With the literal translation the meaning of the name is preserved. Often times names are selected for their meaning and not the way the name sounds. This method respects that choice.

In the beginning of the article, it was mentioned that Jan can be pronounced using ''J'' or ''Y''. Regardless of the pronunciation, the meaning of the name is the same. Therefore, a literal translation for either spelling of this name would be based on the meaning: ''God is Gracious.'' 

There are several possibilities for the meaning of Kelly. I have used the meaning from the Gaelic ceallach, meaning ''war.'' The translation then becomes Warrior, or senshi in Japanese and examples of this are given below.

HOW CAN INITIALS BE TRANSLATED?

As Japanese is a language of syllables, it is not easy to translate letters. The translation must be done based on the pronunciation, as in the chart below. The odd thing is that a single letter such as ''W'' takes five syllables to pronounce, and would be written [phonetically] in romaji as: daburyu-.

As an example, IBM's legal name in Japan is partly written as

As you can see, there are many factors to consider when choosing a style. For artwork, I prefer to use a literal translation as it preserves the meaning of the name - I find that art has everything to do with meaning. However, the method that is best for you, is the method that you prefer.

In part 2 of this series, I will discuss in detail the methods for translating names to kanji.

[Part 1] [Part 2]

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